Why AI-written content doesn't sound like you

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By Saroj Jha · September 21, 2026 · 5 min read

A language model favors likely text for the situation it is given. Without explicit rules, likely text means the average of your category, so AI drafts converge on the phrasing your competitors already use. Adjectives in a prompt do not fix that. Rules a sentence can fail do.

In three numbers

  • 293 writers in a 2024 Science Advances experiment: GPT-4’s ideas made each story rate as more creative, and the stories more alike[1]
  • 8% more overlap in the key points of essays written with InstructGPT than alone; with the base GPT-3 the change was not significant[2]
  • 33 people brainstormed with ChatGPT and with a card deck; with ChatGPT, their ideas sat closer to the group average[3]

You gave the model your product, your audience, and a request for something “in our voice”. What came back was fluent, accurate enough, and could have been published by any of your competitors. Edit it and it gets better. Ask again and you get the same thing in a different order.

This isn’t a prompting problem, and more adjectives won’t fix it. It’s what the tool is built to do.

Figure 1 A model with no rules writes the average of your category

The likely middle. Where an unguided draft lands: “a fast-moving landscape”, “a platform that empowers teams”, three benefits in parallel.

Your voice. The part that isn’t average. A draft stays there only when something holds it there.

Schematic, not data: the shape illustrates the argument of this article. The phrases are the examples in “What the model is actually doing”.

What the model is actually doing

A language model is trained to predict the next word, or part of a word, in a passage, and when it writes it favors the likely ones. Always taking the likeliest wording makes text “bland and strangely repetitive”, researchers found[4]. Ask it for a paragraph about your product with nothing else to go on, and “likely” means the kind of paragraph it has seen most often in that setting: the way most companies in your category already write.

That’s why the drafts converge. The opening line about a fast-moving landscape. The platform that empowers teams. Three benefits in parallel structure. None of it is wrong. All of it is the middle of the distribution, and your competitors’ drafts are drawn from the same middle.

Your voice is, by definition, the part that isn’t average. So a tool whose default is the average will sand it off unless something stops it.

Controlled studies point the same way, though none tested marketing copy. In a 2024 experiment, 293 people wrote short stories; those given GPT-4’s ideas wrote stories rated more creative, and more alike[1]. Essays written with InstructGPT, but not the older base GPT-3, repeated more of the same key points[2]. And people brainstorming with ChatGPT produced ideas more alike as a group than with a deck of prompt cards[3].

Figure 2 In three experiments, help from a language model made people’s work more alike as a group
  • Study Who, task and model Each piece rated better More alike as a group Not tested
  • Doshi and Hauser Science Advances, 2024 293 UK online participants wrote an eight-sentence story; some could see up to five three-sentence story ideas from GPT-4 Yes 8.1% more novel and 9.0% more useful with up to five ideas, as rated by 600 evaluators; the biggest gains went to the least creative writers Yes Stories with GPT-4 ideas were more similar to one another than stories written alone Professional writers, marketing copy, or text the model wrote itself
  • Padmakumar and He ICLR 2024 38 experienced writers wrote 300 argumentative essays of about 300 words, alone, with GPT-3 or with InstructGPT Not measured The study measured diversity, not quality With InstructGPT Key points overlapped 8% more than in essays written alone (0.166 against 0.154); with the base GPT-3 the change was not significant Today’s models, or writers given rules about voice
  • Anderson, Shah and Kreminski Creativity and Cognition, 2024 33 people answered four creative-thinking prompts, once with ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) and once with the Oblique Strategies card deck No difference Each person’s own ideas were no less varied with ChatGPT Yes Ideas sat closer to the group average with ChatGPT (divergence 0.24 against 0.28) Writing, or a large sample: 33 people

None of the three tested marketing copy or brand voice. They show a direction, not the size of the effect on your own drafts.

Show the numbers as a table
Study Measure With the model Without
Doshi and Hauser (2024) Novelty, up to five GPT-4 ideas +8.1% Baseline
Doshi and Hauser (2024) Usefulness, up to five GPT-4 ideas +9.0% Baseline
Doshi and Hauser (2024) Similarity to other stories Higher Baseline
Padmakumar and He (2024) Key-point homogenization, InstructGPT 0.166 0.154
Padmakumar and He (2024) Key-point homogenization, GPT-3 0.158 (not significant) 0.154
Anderson, Shah and Kreminski (2024) Divergence from the group average 0.24 0.28

Doshi and Hauser (2024), Science Advances; Padmakumar and He (2024), ICLR; Anderson, Shah and Kreminski (2024), Creativity and Cognition. The 8% is my arithmetic from the paper’s homogenization scores (Rouge-L).

The same pull works on facts

I found out how far this goes on my own site.

Most of aajconsult.com was drafted with AI assistance. In September I audited every statistic on it, and the problems had a pattern. A sample of “939 B2B companies” appeared on two pages of the site, attached to two unrelated studies: one about retention by segment, one about pipeline coverage. A finding from Gartner’s buying-journey research, several years old, was dated 2024. Two performance figures were credited to Forrester, which had never published them; the only trace was a vendor’s blog.

Every one of those looked right. The sample was a believable number. The sources were the kind of firms that publish that kind of research. The dates were close. They were plausible, and plausibility is exactly what the tool produces: OpenAI researchers argued in 2025 that training and scoring reward a confident guess over admitting uncertainty[5]. What a model doesn’t do by default is look anything up to check that the thing it’s describing exists.

I can’t tell you which of those errors a model introduced and which it copied from a page where a model had introduced them. That matters less than it sounds. Nobody checked, and every one of them read as true.

Voice drifts the same way. The generic sentence and the invented statistic are the same failure: the most likely output, with nothing in place to say otherwise. Every figure on this site now carries a named source or is labeled as a worked example or my own estimate; the benchmark library shows what that looks like.

Why “sound more like us” doesn’t work

The usual fix is to add adjectives to the prompt. Be conversational. Be bold. Sound human.

None of those can fail. There’s no sentence you can point to and say it broke “be conversational”, so the model can’t be held to it, and neither can the three people on your team who also write. An adjective describes a voice. It doesn’t define one.

A rule is something a sentence can fail. “Use contractions” can fail. “Never open with a question” can fail. “Don’t write leverage” can fail. That’s the whole difference, and it’s why so many brand voice documents I see get admired once and never applied.

Figure 3 A rule is something a sentence can fail; an adjective is not

One draft sentence “In today’s fast-moving landscape, it is vital that teams leverage AI.”

Adjectives in the prompt Nothing in the sentence can break them

    • Be conversational
    • Can’t tell
    • No word to point to
  • Be bold Can’t tell No word to point to
    • Sound human
    • Can’t tell
    • No word to point to

Rules Each one passes or fails, with the words quoted

  • Use contractions Fails “it is”
  • Don’t write leverage Fails “leverage”
  • Never open with a question Passes Opens with a statement

The sentence was written for this figure. The adjectives and rules are the examples in “Why ‘sound more like us’ doesn’t work”.

What actually holds

In my practice, four things hold, in the order they matter to a tool.

Words you never use. A literal list: category filler that turns up in every competitor’s copy, claims you can’t defend, and the words that are wrong for you specifically. This is the one a check can enforce mechanically.

Phrases you do use. The part people skip. In my view, give a model a banned list and nothing else and it routes around the ban into a different flavor of generic. The positive list is what turns avoidance into a voice.

A reading-level ceiling. One number, such as a grade level. Leave it out and an automated check either never fires or fires on everything.

Before-and-after rewrites. Three real sentences from your own copy, wrong, then fixed. Abstract rules start arguments; a rewrite ends them.

Figure 4 Four rules give a model something to fail, and a rewrite shows it what passing looks like
    • 1 Words you never use
    • Category filler, claims you can’t defend, and the words wrong for you.
    • A check enforces it mechanically
    • 2 Phrases you do use
    • Somewhere for the draft to go once the filler is banned.
    • Turns avoidance into a voice
    • 3 A reading-level ceiling
    • One number, such as a grade level.
    • Gives a check a line to fire on
    • 4 Before-and-after rewrites
    • Three real sentences from your own copy, wrong, then fixed.
    • Ends arguments about what a rule means

Before The draft

“In today’s fast-moving landscape, it is vital that teams leverage AI.”

  • Opens with category filler
  • Uses a word on the never list
  • No contractions

After Rewritten to the rules

“Your team’s already using AI. Here’s where it saves the most time.”

  • No filler, no banned words
  • Contractions
  • Two short sentences

The four rules are my practice, in the order I find they matter to a tool; not a tested method. The rewrite was written for this figure.

Then give the tools the same rules you give the people. Put them in the context file your AI tools read, not in a PDF on a shared drive, so a check can quote back every violation with the paragraph it’s in rather than an editor catching them by eye late at night.

I’ve turned this into a free Brand Voice Guide template. It ends in a block you paste straight into an agent’s context file. If your team is adopting AI tools faster than anyone has written rules for them, the AI Tool Policy covers the rest, and I’ve written separately about practical ways to use AI without losing your voice.

The honest limit

Rule-checking is literal. It catches “leverage” and misses “harness the power of”. It scales the mechanical part of review so a person can spend their attention on the part that needs judgment. It doesn’t replace that person on anything that matters.

It has a blind spot, too, which I found by running a literal word check against my own voice guide. It flagged nine banned words, and every hit sat inside a list of words to avoid or a deliberately bad example. Anything written about banned words fails on the words it discusses. Read the findings, not the score.

Figure 5 A literal word check catches the banned word, misses the paraphrase and flags writing about the rule
  • Catches — leverage on the words-to-avoid list, quoted with its paragraph
  • Misses — harness the power of the same idea in different words
  • False alarms — My own voice guide: 9 banned-word hits, and all 9 sat inside a list of words to avoid or a deliberately bad example.

So: read the findings, not the score. The check clears the mechanical part; a person still reads for judgment.

Examples from “The honest limit” in this article; the nine hits are from my own check of my voice guide.

What I’d do on Monday

Do this

Take the last five pieces your team published with AI help. Highlight every phrase you could imagine in a competitor’s copy. That list is the first draft of your words to avoid, and it’s usually longer than people expect.

Free tool

Check a draft against your own rules

The free Brand Voice Checker tests copy against your words to avoid, the phrases you use and a reading-level ceiling, and quotes each finding in its sentence.

Open the checker

If you want me to look at your own funnel, positioning and channels, my Growth Audit ends with three prioritized fixes and a 30-day action plan.

Related on AAJ

Articles

Playbooks

Templates and tools

References

The superscript numbers in the article match this list.

AAJ content audit, September 2026. Every statistical claim on aajconsult.com classified by source. The three examples in this article (the repeated 939-company sample, the re-dated Gartner finding and the Forrester misattribution) are findings from that audit, all since removed from the site.

Papers and web pages were checked on October 14, 2026.

  1. Doshi, A. R. and Hauser, O. P. (2024). “Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content.” Science Advances 10(28), eadn5290, July 12, 2024. 293 writers and 600 evaluators recruited online in the UK; story ideas from GPT-4. doi.org
  2. Padmakumar, V. and He, H. (2024). “Does Writing with Language Models Reduce Content Diversity?” International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2024). 38 writers, 300 argumentative essays, with GPT-3 (davinci), InstructGPT (text-davinci-003) or no model. proceedings.iclr.cc
  3. Anderson, B. R., Shah, J. H. and Kreminski, M. (2024). “Homogenization Effects of Large Language Models on Human Creative Ideation.” Creativity and Cognition (C&C ‘24), Chicago, June 23–26, 2024. 36 participants, 33 analyzed; ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) against the Oblique Strategies card deck. doi.org
  4. Holtzman, A., Buys, J., Du, L., Forbes, M. and Choi, Y. (2020). “The Curious Case of Neural Text Degeneration.” International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2020). arxiv.org
  5. Kalai, A. T., Nachum, O., Vempala, S. S. and Zhang, E. (2025). “Why Language Models Hallucinate.” OpenAI, arXiv:2509.04664, September 4, 2025. arxiv.org

Frequently Asked Questions

Why does AI-written content sound generic?

A language model favors the most likely text for the situation it is given. With no rules beyond a request to write about your product, the most likely text is the way most companies in your category already write, so drafts converge on the same phrases your competitors use.

Can prompting a model to sound like us fix it?

Rarely. Adjectives such as conversational or bold have no failure condition, so neither a model nor an editor can be held to them. Rules a sentence can fail - words to avoid, phrases to use, a reading-level ceiling - are what change the output.

What should go in brand voice rules for AI tools?

A literal list of words to avoid, a list of phrases you do use, a reading-level ceiling, and three before-and-after rewrites from your own copy. The positive list matters: with only a banned list, a model routes around it into a different kind of generic.

Can software check content against brand voice rules?

Yes, for the mechanical part. A conformance check can quote every banned word and every passage over the reading-level ceiling. It matches words literally, so it misses paraphrases and flags writing that discusses banned words. It is a floor for review, not a replacement for a person reading.

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